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  新医学  2016, Vol. 47 Issue (12): 829-833  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.12.008
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陈燕君, 周祎, 徐琦, 黄冬冰, 方群. 双绒毛膜双胎之一未足月胎膜早破的非常规治疗:选择性减胎[J]. 新医学, 2016, 47(12): 829-833.
Chen Yanjun, Zhou Yi, Xu Qi, Huang Dongbing, Fang Qun. Selective feticide in dichorionicdiamniotictwin pregnancy with preterm premature rupture of membrane in one sac[J]. Journal of New Medicine, 2016, 47(12): 829-833.

通讯作者

周祎,E-mail: zhouyifm@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2016-09-25
双绒毛膜双胎之一未足月胎膜早破的非常规治疗:选择性减胎
陈燕君, 周祎, 徐琦, 黄冬冰, 方群     
510080 广州,中山大学附属第一医院妇产科
摘要: 目的 探讨选择性减胎治疗双绒毛膜双胎(DCDA)之一未足月胎膜早破(pPROM)的妊娠结局及预后。 方法 回顾性分析8例DCDA之一pPROM行选择性减胎治疗的临床资料。分析胎膜早破孕周、减胎孕周、减胎距离胎膜早破时间间隔及妊娠结局。以“feticide and prom and twin”为检索词,在PubMed数据库检索相关文献并分析妊娠结局。 结果 8例DCDA之一pPROM行选择性减胎孕妇为孕19(13~27)周,减胎距离胎膜早破时间为19(2~42) d;胎膜早破胎在近宫底位置3例,在近宫颈位置5例;足月剖宫产3例,减胎术后至撰稿日晚期妊娠继续妊娠中3例,减胎术后宫内感染引产2例。在PubMed共检索到8篇相关文献。8篇文献加上我院8例共有35例DCDA之一pPROM,其中20例行选择性减胎治疗,15例予期待治疗。 结论 选择性减胎术是处理非感染DCDA之一pPROM的一种可行方法,可改善保留胎预后。
关键词: 未足月胎膜早破    双绒毛膜双胎妊娠    选择性减胎    
Selective feticide in dichorionicdiamniotictwin pregnancy with preterm premature rupture of membrane in one sac
Chen Yanjun, Zhou Yi, Xu Qi, Huang Dongbing, Fang Qun     
Deparment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the First Affilicated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Corresponding author: Zhou Yi, E-mail: zhouyifm@163.com
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the perinatal outcome and prognosis of selective feticide in dichorionicdiamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancy with preterm premature rupture of membrane (pPROM) in one sac. Methods Clinical data of 8 DCDA women with pPROM in one sac undergoing selective feticide were retrospectively analyzed. The gestational week at PPROM, gestational week at selective feticide, time interval between PPROM and selective feticide and pregnant outcome were analyzed. Literature review was performed from PubMed database using the keywords of "feticide and prom and twin" to analyze the pregnant outcomes. Results The mean gestational age at pPROM was 19 weeks (range from 13 to 27 weeks), and the mean time interval between pPROM to selective feticide was 19 days (range from 2 to 42 days). pPROM was noted proximal to the fundus of the uterus in 3 cases and adjacent to the neck of the uterus in 5. Three patients had full-term delivery via cesarean section. Three cases were ongoing pregnant from selective feticide until the day of manuscript drafting. Two patients received abortion due to intrauterine infection after selective feticide. Forty five articles were retrieved from PubMed database and only 3 reported DCDA women with pPROM in one sac. Another 5 relevant articles were identified from the references of the 3 articles above. In total, 8 relevant articles (27 DCDA cases complicated with PPROM in one sac) were finally retrieved. Among a total of 35 DCDA cases complicated with pPROM in one sac, 20 patients underwent selective feticide and 15 received expectant management. Conclusion Selective feticide is a viable approach for non-infectious DCDA cases complicated with pPROM in one sac and improves the unfavorable pregnancy outcome of the unaffected fetus.
Key words: Preterm premature rupture of membrane    Dichorionicdiamniotictwin pregnancy    Selective feticide    

未足月胎膜早破(pPROM)是指在妊娠37周前胎膜发生破裂,若pPROM发生在妊娠26周前,胎儿孕周较小,流产、早产、新生儿败血症、窒息、围生期死亡等发生几率相对升高[1]。根据2016年美国妇产科医师学会(ACOG)胎膜早破指南(指南),胎膜早破的处理取决于孕龄和对早产相关风险评估以及期待过程中可能发生的宫内感染、胎盘早剥和脐带意外的相对风险评估结果[2]。单胎孕24周前胎膜早破可选择期待治疗或引产,孕24~33+6周胎膜早破选择期待治疗,34周后终止妊娠[3]。然而,指南中并没有涉及双绒毛膜双胎(DCDA)之一pPROM的处理原则。pPROM单胎发生率约为3%~4.5%,而双胎pPROM发生率高达11%,且双胎pPROM发生孕周较单胎早,预后较差[4-6]。随着辅助生殖技术的发展,双胎妊娠的发生率逐渐增加,DCDA之一pPROM也越来越常见。DCDA之一pPROM若采用期待治疗,双胎发生感染、流产、新生儿死亡,产妇发生败血症的风险增加;若终止妊娠,胎儿孕周小,各器官功能仍未发育成熟,新生儿死亡的几率也非常高。目前国内外对DCDA之一pPROM的治疗常规仍存在争议,有国外学者报道采用选择性减胎术能提高保留胎的生存率[7-9]。而国内尚无采用选择性减胎术处理DCDA之一pPROM的报道。为此,本研究分析了2012年1月至2016年4月我院收治的8例DCDA之一pPROM行选择性减胎病例资料,以期为DCDA之一pPROM的临床处理提供指导。

对象与方法 一、研究对象

2012年1月至2016年4月在中山大学附属第一医院收治的8例DCDA之一pPROM行选择性胎儿心脏内注射氯化钾减胎(选择性减胎)治疗的病例,均在孕7~13+6周行B超确诊为DCDA。全部孕妇及家属均签署选择性氯化钾减胎术知情同意书。

二、分析方法

分析胎膜早破孕周、减胎孕周、减胎距离胎膜早破时间间隔、孕妇减胎前后白细胞数、孕妇减胎前后CRP、孕妇减胎前后血小板、宫颈分泌物培养、有无宫内感染与妊娠结局。以“feticide and prom and twin”为检索词,在PubMed数据库检索相关文献,分析DCDA之一pPROM的妊娠结局。

三、统计学处理

采用描述性统计,计量资料以中位数(最小值~最大值)表示,计数资料以百分比表示。

结果 一、8例DCDA之一pPROM胎膜早破的临床特点分析

8例DCDA之一pPROM胎膜早破孕19(13~27)周,减胎距离胎膜早破时间为19(2~42) d。病例1、3、8的胎膜早破胎在近子宫底位置,余5例的胎膜早破胎在近子宫颈位置。病例1、3、5分别在妊娠39、37、38周时剖宫产一健康新生儿,出生体质量分别为3 300、2 900、2 800 g, 新生儿阿普加评分均为10分;病例6、7、8继续妊娠中,至撰稿日为止,分别妊娠37、33、28周,无妊娠并发症;病例2、4减胎术后因体温升高,白细胞、CRP、降钙素原上升,诊断为宫内感染予引产,该2例pPROM胎均在近子宫颈位置。详见表 1表 2

表 1 8例DCDA之一pPROM减胎情况及妊娠结局
表 2 选择性减胎文献总结(20例DCDA之一pPROM)
二、DCDA之一pPROM的妊娠结局分析

以“feticide and prom and twin”为检索词,在PubMed数据库检索相关文献,共检索到45条文献,其中3条为DCDA之一pPROM,再检索这3篇文献的参考文献及引用文献,有5篇为DCDA之一pPROM,共检索到8篇相关文献。8篇文献加上我院8例共有35例DCDA之一pPROM,其中20例行选择性减胎治疗,15例予期待治疗,妊娠结局详见表 2~4

表 3 期待治疗文献总结(15例DCDA之一pPROM)
表 4 35例DCDA之一pPROM妊娠结局
讨论

根据指南,在孕34周前发生的pPROM孕妇在无母胎禁忌证情况下应当给予期待治疗,建议联合红霉素和氨苄青霉素或口服阿莫西林7 d一疗程治疗以减少母胎感染及早产相关并发症。妊娠32周前发生的pPROM并有早产风险的孕妇应静脉使用硫酸镁作为胎儿神经保护剂。在孕24周(甚至早至23周)至34周前有早产风险的孕妇推荐使用单疗程的糖皮质激素促进胎肺成熟。然而指南中并未涉及DCDA之一pPROM的临床处理原则。

pPROM的发生率为3.0%~4.5%, 而双胎pPROM发生率高达11%,且双胎pPROM发生孕周较单胎早。pPROM发生孕周越早,胎儿及新生儿预后越差[4-6]。2015年Wong等[10]对23例孕26周前发生pPROM的双胎妊娠孕妇采用期待治疗,最终获得活婴的只有43%,但其中仅17%没有严重并发症。根据2004年Kristensen等发表的一篇报道,发现与双胎无胎膜早破的新生儿相比较, 双胎合并pPROM宫内死亡风险率为1.88, 7 d内新生儿死亡风险率为3.45, 8~28 d内新生儿死亡风险率为3.26, 均高于同期双胎妊娠未发生pPROM者, 且双胎妊娠中6%的宫内死胎、15%的7 d内新生儿死亡和16%的8~28 d内新生儿死亡与胎膜早破相关[11]

DCDA之一pPROM临床处理棘手,关乎双胎情况和孕妇身心健康,治疗方案需综合考虑母胎具体情况,进行个体化治疗。期待疗法能够相对延长妊娠孕周,提高胎儿生存率,但有报道提出期待疗法并不能改善新生儿的不良结局[12-13]。选择性减胎术减去胎膜早破胎后能终止阴道流液,减少宫内感染几率,增加继续妊娠及分娩健康新生儿成功率。

选择性减胎是指选择性减去胎膜早破胎,因此也称为治疗性减胎。妊娠早期确定为DCDA可用心内注射选择性减胎术,在无减胎禁忌证下应尽早进行减胎,可减少宫内感染发生率,增加减胎成功率。

选择性减胎治疗DCDA之一pPROM在国外目前仅有少量文献报道,在国内尚无相关文献报道。总结现有文章报道的12例DCDA之一pPROM采用选择性减胎治疗,加上本院8例病例,共有20例DCDA之一pPROM采用选择性减胎治疗,胎膜早破孕周为13~27周,成功17例(17/20),其中14例分娩孕周为36.9(33~40)周,其余3例未分娩,孕周均超过28周;另3例因宫内感染流产或引产,其胎膜早破胎宫内位置均为近子宫颈。另相关文献报道DCDA之一pPROM采用期待治疗15例,胎膜早破孕周为13~20周,共13例存活新生儿(13/30),分娩孕周为30(25~38)周;另17例死亡,胎膜早破胎宫内位置均为近子宫颈。从上述文献报道我们可以得出,DCDA之一pPROM在无宫内感染征象下尽早行选择性减胎可以延长保留胎的分娩孕周,改善保留胎预后,且胎膜早破胎在近宫颈位置时易并发宫内感染致治疗失败。

因此,当DCDA之一pPROM时,应及早予预防感染治疗,在没有宫内感染征象时及时给予减胎治疗,以改善妊娠结局。对于胎膜早破胎在近宫颈位置时易发生宫内感染,应提高警惕,加强监护。若出现宫内感染时应及早终止妊娠。

虽然现有报道的采用选择性减胎术治疗DCDA之一pPROM的例数并不多,但我们可以总结出在无宫内感染及母胎综合情况允许下,及时行选择性减胎治疗能增加保留胎的存活率,改善妊娠结局。然而仍需要更多病例、数据以综合评估选择性减胎术治疗双胎之一pPROM的可行性。

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