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  新医学  2017, Vol. 48 Issue (7): 499-502  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2017.07.015
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黄葆莹, 蒋苏华, 庞永昌, 何丽仪. CPAP治疗婴幼儿非重症ARDS的疗效观察[J]. 新医学, 2017, 48(7): 499-502.
Huang Baoying, Jiang Suhua, Pang Yongchang, He Liyi. Clinical efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure ventilation in treatment of infantile acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Journal of New Medicine, 2017, 48(7): 499-502.

通讯作者

蒋苏华

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-01-18
CPAP治疗婴幼儿非重症ARDS的疗效观察
黄葆莹, 蒋苏华, 庞永昌, 何丽仪     
528000 佛山,佛山市第一人民医院儿科
摘要: 目的 探讨CPAP治疗婴幼儿非重症ARDS的临床疗效。方法 选择60例非重症ARDS婴幼儿,分为观察组和对照组,每组各30例患儿,分别给予CPAP和面罩吸氧治疗,观察治疗前期(给氧2 h)、中期(给氧48~72 h)以及后期(撤机前半小时)2组患儿的心率、SaO2/吸入氧浓度(S/F)、氧指数、血气分析pH值,并比较2组患儿的住院时间和气管插管率。结果 治疗早期,2组患儿各指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);治疗中期及后期观察组患儿的心率、S/F、氧指数、血气分析pH值均比对照组改善(P均<0.05)。与对照组患儿比较,观察组患儿的用氧时间及住院时间较短、气管插管率较低(P均<0.01)。结论 CPAP治疗ARDS患儿可改善其缺氧状态,有效提高预后。
关键词: 婴幼儿    急性呼吸窘迫综合征    持续气道正压通气    
Clinical efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure ventilation in treatment of infantile acute respiratory distress syndrome
Huang Baoying, Jiang Suhua, Pang Yongchang, He Liyi     
Department of Pediatrics, the First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan 528000, China
Corresponding author: Jiang Suhua
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of infantile acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods Sixty infants diagnosed with non-severe ARDS were randomly assigned into the observation (n=30) and control groups (n=30). In the observation group, patients received CPAP and those in the control group were treated with oxygen mask inhalation. The heart rate, SaO2/inspiratory oxygen concentration (S/F ratio), oxygenation index (OI) and blood gas analysis of pH at 2 h, 48-72 h after oxygen inhalation, and 30 min before the termination of oxygen inhalation were observed. The length of hospital stay and tracheal intubation rate were statistically compared between two groups. Results At 2 h after oxygen inhalation, no statistical significance was identified in each parameter between two groups (all P > 0.05). At 48-72 h after oxygen inhalation, and 30 min before the termination of oxygen inhalation, heart rate, S/F ratio, OI and blood gas analysis of pH value in the observation group were significantly improved compared with those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the length of hospital stay and tracheal intubation rate were considerably reduced in the observation group (both P < 0.01). Conclusion CPAP can alleviate the anoxia status, enhance lung function and increase clinical prognosis in ARDS infants.
Key words: Infant    Acute respiratory distress syndrome    Continuous positive airway pressure    

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是一组由肺内和(或)肺外原因引起的、以顽固性低氧血症为特征的临床综合征[1]。儿童ARDS(PARDS)是儿童ICU(PICU)中常见的危重症之一,病死率高,在婴幼儿中更为常见[2]。早期干预对改善ARDS的预后十分重要[3]。无创正压通气常用于呼吸系统疾病的治疗,在PICU中越来越受到重视。本研究对我院PICU收治的PARDS患儿分别应用CPAP及传统面罩吸氧治疗,比较两者的临床效果,现报告如下。

对象与方法 一、研究对象

2016年2月至11月在我院儿科住院、年龄2个月至2岁患儿中,选择符合2015年国际PARDS专家共识诊断标准的60例患儿[4]。排除围生期特有的急性低氧血症、围生期肺损伤者,以及合并紫绀型心脏病、慢性肺疾病、左心功能障碍、神经肌肉疾病者。将患儿按收入院的先后顺序编号,奇数号者编入观察组,偶数号者编入对照组。2组患儿病情均处于ARDS早期,组间一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),见表 1。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准,研究内容及操作均已向患儿监护人详细说明,入组患儿的监护人均已签署知情同意书。

表 1 2组非重症ARDS患儿的一般资料比较
二、方法

2组均采用相同的综合治疗,包括抗感染、给予血管活性药物和对症支持治疗。在此基础上,观察组ARDS患儿采用德国斯蒂芬CPAP-C小儿无创呼吸机供氧:鼻塞式CPAP模式,通气量6 ml/kg,氧流量5~8 L/min,吸气峰压20~30 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),PEEP 4~6 cm H2O。对照组予常规氧疗(包括面罩、鼻导管给氧)。治疗期间,每隔2~4 h清理患儿鼻腔及口咽的分泌物,维持PaO2 50~70 mm Hg、SaO2>0.90。观察组患儿若出现病情加重,改行气管插管、机械通气治疗,对照组患儿若出现病情加重则予CPAP辅助通气,进一步加重时予气管插管、机械通气治疗。

三、观察内容

分别记录2组患儿在治疗前期(给氧2 h)、中期(给氧48~72 h)以及后期(撤机前半小时)的心率、SaO2、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)、血气分析pH值,计算氧指数及S/F,其中氧指数=(FiO2×平均气道压力×100) /PaO2、S/F=SaO2/FiO2。比较2组患儿住院时间、给氧时间、气管插管率、病死率。

四、统计学处理

应用SPSS 19.0处理数据。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果 一、2组非重症ARDS患儿的心率、S/F、氧指数及血气分析pH值比较 1. 治疗前期

2组的心率、S/F、氧指数及血气分析pH值比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),见表 2

表 2 治疗前期2组非重症ARDS患儿的心率、S/F、氧指数及血气分析pH值的比较(x±s)
2. 治疗中期

与对照组比较,观察组的心率、S/F、氧指数及血气分析pH值均有好转(P均<0.01),见表 3

表 3 治疗中期2组非重症ARDS患儿的心率、S/F、氧指数及血气分析pH值的比较(x±s)
3. 治疗后期

观察组的心率、S/F、氧指数、血气分析pH值均比对照组改善(P均<0.01),见表 4

表 4 治疗后期2组非重症ARDS患儿的心率、S/F、氧指数及血气分析pH值的比较(x±s)
二、2组非重症ARDS患儿的住院时间、气管插管率比较

与对照组相比,治疗组的住院时间短、气管插管率低(P均<0.01),见表 5

表 5 2组非重症ARDS患儿的气管插管率、住院时间比较
讨论

ARDS是一类以肺部急性弥散性肺损伤为特征的呼吸系统危重疾病,可由肺内外各种因素如创伤、肺炎和败血症引起。在微观肺泡水平上,ARDS导致肺内的气体交换受损,主要表现为:形成肺泡屏障、减少肺泡表面活性剂的产生,以及固有免疫的激活和机体高凝状态引起的血管弥漫性损伤[5]。ARDS患者的病情变化较快且难以估计,病死率高[6]。据报道,PARDS在住院患儿中的发病率为14.2/1 000,总病死率可达62.9%,其相对危险度是PICU平均水平的9.3倍[7]。ARDS的病理生理特点为肺泡及间质水肿、肺泡表面活性物质减少及肺泡塌陷导致肺容积减少、肺顺应性降低和严重的通气和(或)血流比例失调。随着人们对ARDS疾病特点的认识和医疗技术的发展,PARDS的预后已经有了很大的提高。

CPAP是早期ARDS的重要治疗方法。CPAP能够有效地增加肺泡气体交换的面积及肺泡弥散功能,降低肺内分流,增加肺的顺应性,改善肺血氧合功能。早期改善PaO2/FiO2和S/F,调节循环功能,改善肺功能,增加肺泡表面活性物质的分泌,促进炎症渗出吸收[8-14]。有研究显示,无创通气治疗可降低急性低氧性呼吸衰竭患儿在住院期间的气管插管率,并可减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生[15]。本研究使用CPAP治疗非重症婴幼儿ARDS,结果显示观察组在治疗中、后期的S/F、血气分析pH值均比对照组较高,心率、氧指数较低,表明CPAP可明显改善ARDS患儿的缺氧状态。与对照组相比,观察组的气管插管率低、住院时间短,也说明了CPAP可提高ARDS患儿的预后。

综上所述,CPAP可改善婴幼儿非重症ARDS的缺氧状态,对治疗有积极的作用。

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