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  新医学  2017, Vol. 48 Issue (9): 666-668  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2017.09.016
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引用本文 [复制中英文]

谢良骏, 张峰, 李建芳, 秦露平, 张廷杰, 程木华. PET/CT表现为高代谢的肺部空洞病灶两例分析[J]. 新医学, 2017, 48(9): 666-668.
Xie Liangjun, Zhang Feng, Li Jianfang, Qin Luping, Zhang Tingjie, Cheng Muhua. Analysis of two cases presenting with hypermetabolic cavitary lung lesions on PET/CT[J]. Journal of New Medicine, 2017, 48(9): 666-668.

基金项目

广东省科技计划项目(2016A020215070)

通讯作者

程木华,E-mail: chmarka@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-05-10
PET/CT表现为高代谢的肺部空洞病灶两例分析
谢良骏, 张峰, 李建芳, 秦露平, 张廷杰, 程木华     
510630 广州,中山大学附属第三医院核医学科
摘要: IgG4相关性肺疾病(IgG4-RLD)是一种以活性IgG4阳性浆细胞和淋巴细胞浸润肺组织所致的疾病,在正电子发射型计算机体层摄影术/计算机体层扫描(PET/CT)上常表现为18氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)高摄取。该病在CT影像学上可呈多种表现,但空洞型病灶是一种罕见的表现,需与空洞型肺癌鉴别。该文报道2例临床和影像学表现均相似的空洞型肺疾病,其在PET/CT上均呈18F-FDG高摄取,最终病理结果显示其中一例诊断为IgG4-RLD,而另一例则诊断为肺癌。该文提示,血清IgG4增高及结节状18F-FDG高摄取是鉴别IgG4-RLD和肺癌的重要特征。
关键词: 免疫球蛋白G4相关性肺疾病    肺癌    空洞    18氟代脱氧葡萄糖    
Analysis of two cases presenting with hypermetabolic cavitary lung lesions on PET/CT
Xie Liangjun, Zhang Feng, Li Jianfang, Qin Luping, Zhang Tingjie, Cheng Muhua     
Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
Corresponding author: Cheng Muhua, E-mail: chmarka@163.com
Abstract: IgG4-related lung disease (IgG4-RLD) is a disease caused by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and lymphocytes into lung tissues, which is manifested with high uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). IgG4-RLD yields multiple forms of radiologic features on CT imaging. However, cavitary mass is a rare imaging feature and should be differentially diagnosed from cavitary malignant tumor. In this article, we reported two cases presenting with similar clinical and imaging signs to cavitary pulmonary disease with high uptake of 18F-FDG on PET/CT. One patient was eventually diagnosed with IgG4-RLD and the other case was diagnosed with lung cancer by pathological biopsy. The findings in this article prompt that elevated serum level of IgG4 and high uptake of 18F-FDG are vital features to differentially diagnose from IgG4-RLD to lung cancer.
Key words: IgG4-related lung disease    Lung cancer    Cavity    18F-fluorodeoxyglucose    

IgG4相关性肺疾病(IgG4-RLD)是一种因IgG4阳性浆细胞和淋巴细胞浸润肺组织,引起的以肺间质性纤维增殖为主的免疫病理学改变[1-2]。自2004年第1例IgG4-RLD被报道以来相继有类似病例被报道[2-3]。既往报道的IgG4-RLD病例以肺内结节、肺间质炎性改变、纵隔淋巴结肿大及纵隔纤维炎症为主[1-2, 4-5]。罕有空洞型表现报道[6]。亦少有病例报道该病的18氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射型计算机体层摄影术/计算机体层扫描(PET/CT)的影像学特征[1, 4]。为此,本文报道了2例在PET/CT均表现为高代谢的肺部空洞病灶, 其中1例病理活组织检查(活检)诊断为IgG4-RLD,而另1例活检则诊断为肺癌,为临床鉴别两病提供参考。

病例资料

例1  患者为65岁的老年非吸烟女性。因咳嗽伴咯血1个月于2015年1月14日入院,1个月前起,患者无明显诱因下出现刺激性咳嗽,伴咯血,期间偶有发热,最高38.1℃,无其余不适。体格检查:右上肺叩诊浊音,呼吸音稍减弱,未闻及干、湿性啰音,其余生命体征正常。实验室检查示:血红蛋白112 g/L(参考正常值范围115~150 g/L),血清CRP 11.6 mg/L(参考正常值范围0.6~6.0 mg/L),ESR 66 mm/h(参考正常值范围0~20 mm/h),血清IgG4 14.8 mg/L(参考正常值范围0~13.5 mg/L),其余检测指标正常(包括血常规、肿瘤标志物检查如神经原特异性烯醇化酶及细胞角蛋白19片段)。18F-FDG PET/CT示右肺上叶前段见一不规则稍低密度肿块影,大小约55.9 mm×29.5 mm,密度不均匀,中间可见类圆形厚壁空洞影,内壁光滑;病灶周边不规则,边缘与邻近组织分界不清(图 1A)。病灶呈环形均匀放射性浓聚,SUVmax约9.7(图 1B)。右肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大,放射性浓聚,SUVmax约6.4(图 1C)。初步诊断为肺癌与肺脓肿鉴别,并予抗感染治疗,1个月后发热消失,仍偶有咳嗽,复查CT病灶基本同前,后活检结果示IgG4-RLD,经6个月糖皮质激素治疗后病灶基本消失。

图 1 例1表现为高代谢的肺部空洞病灶IgG4-RLD患者PET/CT影像 A:CT,右肺上叶前段见一不规则肿块,大小约55.9 mm×29.5 mm,中间可见低密度空洞;B:局部PET,病灶内呈规则厚壁空洞,内壁光滑,均匀环形18F-FDG高摄取(箭头所示),SUVmax约9.7;C:全身PET,右肺门和纵隔淋巴结肿大(箭头所示),SUVmax约6.4

例2  患者为73岁老年吸烟男性。因右胸阵发性隐痛、刺激性咳嗽伴咯血3个月于2016年8月8日入院。患者于3个月前起右胸出现阵发性隐痛,伴刺激性咳嗽、咯血,期间偶有发热,曾诊断“肺部感染”,予抗感染治疗后,发热、咳嗽消失,但仍诉胸痛,性质同前。体格检查:生命体征正常。右上肺叩诊浊音,双肺呼吸音增粗,未闻及干、湿性啰音。实验室检查示血常规正常、ESR 25 mm/h、神经原特异性烯醇化酶17.7 ng/ml(参考正常值范围0~16.3 ng/ml)、细胞角蛋白19片段8.87 ng/ml(参考正常值范围0~3.3 ng/ml), 其余检测指标均正常。18F-FDG PET/CT示右肺上叶前段见一不规则、等或稍低密度肿块影,大小约40 mm×45 mm,其内可见不规则厚壁空洞;病灶边界不清,与邻近胸膜、纵隔分界不清(图 2A)。病灶呈结节状放射性浓聚,SUVmax约20.7(图 2B)。右肺门淋巴结、纵隔淋巴结肿大,放射性浓聚,SUVmax约4.7(图 2C)。初步诊断为肺癌,术后活检诊断为中分化鳞状细胞癌。

图 2 例2表现为高代谢的肺部空洞病灶肺癌患者PET/CT影像 A:CT,右肺上叶前段见一不规则肿块,大小约40 mm×45 mm,内可见不规则低密度空洞B:局部PET,病灶呈结节状不均匀18F-FDG高摄取(箭头所示),SUVmax约20.7;C:全身PET,右肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大(箭头所示),SUVmax约4.7
讨论

在CT中,IgG4-RLD常有以下几种影像学特征:① 肺内实性结节;② 类圆形磨玻璃影;③ 肺泡性间质炎性改变伴支气管扩张,或蜂窝状肺间质改变;④ 支气管血管影增粗及肺小叶间隔增厚[7]。由于病灶被大量活性炎症细胞浸润,包括淋巴细胞和浆细胞,导致病灶糖酵解增加,在PET/CT上呈18F-FDG高摄取,SUVmax约3.4~14[1, 4, 8-10]。本文例1的IgG4-RLD患者在PET/CT上表现为18F-FDG高摄取不规则肿块,其内可见厚壁空洞,这一影像特征鲜有报道。

Taira等[11]报道了1例类似表现的空洞型肺疾病,该病灶呈环形18F-FDG高摄取,增强CT呈不规则强化,初步诊断为肺脓肿,病理结果则为肺癌。其指出,当肺内病灶在增强CT中呈环形强化时应考虑肺脓肿与恶性疾病鉴别,其中肺癌内外壁均表现为极不规则。该病例与本文例1的IgG4-RLD患者病灶均呈18F-FDG高摄取空洞,伴周边不规则实变以及淋巴结肿大。然而,本文例1厚壁空洞呈规则的均匀环形18F-FDG高摄取,而例2则表现为不均匀结节状高摄取,与增强CT中结节状强化相似。结节状18F-FDG高摄取可能是鉴别IgG4-RLD和空洞型肺癌的重要影像学特征。

IgG4-RLD患者临床表现不典型,亦可表现为与肺癌相似的症状,如咳嗽、咳痰及咯血等[1-2, 6]。血清学检查在IgG4-RLD和肺癌鉴别诊断中起重要作用。与大部分报道一致,本文例1患者血清IgG4水平轻度增高[1-2, 4, 6, 9, 12]。血清IgG和IgG4水平是诊断IgG4-RLD的最敏感和特异性指标。神经原特异性烯醇化酶和细胞角蛋白19片段是原发性肺癌的重要肿瘤指标,可作为临床影像诊断的重要补充资料。本文例2患者血清神经原特异性烯醇化酶和细胞角蛋白19片段均增高。然而与例1一样,Taira等[11]报道中患者肿瘤指标也为阴性,因此神经原特异性烯醇化酶和细胞角蛋白19片段阴性并不能作为肺癌的排除诊断标准。

总之,IgG4-RLD影像学表现多样,因炎症细胞浸润,常表现为18F-FDG高摄取。空洞型肿块是IgG4-RLD的罕见表现,需与肺癌鉴别,尤其是当患者表现为血痰时。血清IgG4增高及结节状18F-FDG高摄取是鉴别两者的重要特征。

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