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  新医学  2018, Vol. 49 Issue (1): 57-61  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2018.01.012
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姚强华, 方营旗, 刘玉峰. AKI为首发症状的儿童NHL五例并文献复习[J]. 新医学, 2018, 49(1): 57-61.
Yao Qianghua, Fang Yingqi, Liu Yufeng. Acute kidney injury as the first presentation of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a report of five cases and literature review[J]. Journal of New Medicine, 2018, 49(1): 57-61.

通讯作者

姚强华,E-mail:yaoqianghua@126.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-08-31
AKI为首发症状的儿童NHL五例并文献复习
姚强华, 方营旗, 刘玉峰     
450052 郑州,郑州大学第一附属医院儿科
摘要: 目的 提高对以急性肾损伤(AKI)为首发症状的儿童非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)诊治特点的认识。方法 对5例以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿的临床资料进行分析,并以“肾损伤”“非霍奇金淋巴瘤”及“儿童”或“kidney injury”“non-Hodgkin lymphoma”及“child/children/childhood”为检索词,对PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊数据库进行检索,收集并分析检索到的以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿的临床资料。结果 5例患儿均为男性,年龄1~14岁,均因出现全身或肢体水肿入院。5例血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血尿酸、血肌酐均偏高,2例出现蛋白尿,1例出现少尿[ < 250 ml /(m2·d)]。5例行彩色多普勒超声检查均示双肾肿大。5例均行骨髓穿刺确诊NHL。5例均采用中国儿童肿瘤协作组-B细胞NHL-2010化学治疗方案治疗,均发生了急性肿瘤溶解综合征(TLS)。随访6~24个月,存活2例,3例因早期并发症或完全缓解后复发死亡。文献检索到的5例患儿中男2例、女3例,年龄2.5~14岁,其中有血尿1例,蛋白尿3例,2例LDH明显升高,均伴有双肾肿大,均通过肾脏穿刺确诊。接受化学治疗的3例中2例发生了急性TLS,至末次随访时均无病生存,另2例因疾病进展死亡。结论 以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿双肾肿大明显但尿检改变轻微,多伴有LDH明显升高,对该类患儿应尽早行骨髓穿刺或肾脏穿刺协助诊断。NHL累及肾脏时易导致急性TLS的发生,应积极预防,必要时需降低化学治疗强度。
关键词: 非霍奇金淋巴瘤    急性肾损伤    肿瘤溶解综合征    儿童    
Acute kidney injury as the first presentation of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a report of five cases and literature review
Yao Qianghua, Fang Yingqi, Liu Yufeng     
Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
Corresponding author: Yao Qianghua, E-mail:yaoqianghua@126.com
Abstract: Objective To deepen the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with acute kidney injury (AKI) as the first presentation. Methods Clinical data of 5 NHL children with AKI as the first presentation were analyzed. Literature review was performed from PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang database and Chongqing Vip database by using the keywords of "kidney injury", "non-Hodgkin lymphoma" and "child/children/childhood" in both English and Chinese. Clinical data of the retrieved NHL children with AKI as the first presentation were collected and analyzed. Results Five male children were aged 1-14 years and hospitalized due to systemic or limb edema. Five cases presented with relatively high levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood uric acid and serum creatinine, two had albuminuria and one child presented with uropenia < 250 ml/ (m2·d). Color doppler ultrasound (color ultrasound) of 5 cases revealed bilateral kidney enlargement. Five children were diagnosed with NHL by bone marrow puncture. All 5 children were treated with Chinese Children Cancer Group-B cell-non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 2010 protocol and presented with acute tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). The follow-up endured from 6 to 24 months. Two cases survived and the remaining 3 children died from early complications or recurrence after complete response. Five NHL children with AKI were searched from all databases, 2 cases were male and 3 female, aged 2.5-14 years. One case presented with hematuria, 3 with albuminuria and 2 with significant elevation of LDH. All cases were accompanied by bilateral kidney enlargement. The diagnosis of NHL was finally confirmed by kidney puncture. Among 3 children receiving chemotherapy, 2 cases suffered from acute TLS and obtained disease-free survival until the final follow-up. Another 2 children died from disease progression. Conclusions NHL children with AKI as the first presentation are manifested with significant bilateral kidney enlargement. However, urine test reveals slight changes, primarily accompanied by significant elevation of LDH. For these children, bone marrow puncture or kidney puncture should be conducted as soon as possible to validate the diagnosis. NHL with kidney involvement is likely to cause the incidence of acute TLS. Active prevention measures should be taken and the intensity of chemotherapy should be reduced when necessary.
Key words: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma    Acute kidney injury    Tumor lysis syndrome    Child    

非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)涉及游走于全身各处的淋巴细胞,临床表现多样。NHL典型表现为外周淋巴结的无痛性肿大;纵膈肿块导致的咳嗽、气促、呼吸困难;腹部肿块导致的腹痛、腹胀、腹水、梗阻等,此类病例诊断多不困难。但若NHL侵犯少见器官, 如肾脏,导致以急性肾损伤(AKI)为首发表现时,因患者临床表现及实验室检查缺乏特异性,诊断有一定难度, 故容易误诊。因此,提高对以AKI为首发表现的NHL临床特点的认识,对及早、准确诊断该病有重要意义。现将我院近年收治的5例以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿的临床资料作一分析总结,同时对国内外相关文献进行复习,以提高对该病的认识。

对象与方法 一、5例表现为AKI的NHL患儿临床资料的收集

我院儿科2015年1月至2016年6月确诊的以AKI为首发表现的初治NHL患儿共5例,均经骨髓细胞学、免疫表型和(或)分子生物学确诊。分别按文献[1-3]的标准进行NHL、AKI的分期及肿瘤溶解综合征(TLS)的诊断。回顾性分析所有患儿的病史、体格检查、实验室及辅助检查、治疗及转归等。

二、文献检索

以“肾损伤”“非霍奇金淋巴瘤”及“儿童”或“kidney injury”“non-Hodgkin lymphoma”及“child/children/childhood”为检索词,对以下数据库截止2017年8月收录的论文进行检索:PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊数据库进行检索,收集并分析检索到的儿童NHL病例中以AKI为首发症状患儿的临床资料。

结果 一、5例以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿的临床资料 1. 一般情况

5例患儿均为男性,年龄1~14岁,均因出现全身或肢体水肿3~7 d入院。体格检查示3例血压升高,1例肝脏轻度肿大,1例脾脏肿大。5例NHL分期均为Ⅳ期,见表 1

表 1 5例以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿的主要临床资料
2. 实验室检查及辅助检查

5例患儿入院时血红蛋白均低,血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、尿酸、肌酐均偏高,2例出现蛋白尿,1例出现少尿[<250 ml/(m2·d)]。5例均行骨髓穿刺,经细胞形态学及免疫分型检查确诊NHL,见表 1图 1。5例行彩色多普勒超声检查(彩超)均示双肾肿大,见图 1

图 1 一例以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿腹部CT及肾组织病理检查 A:治疗前腹部CT示双肾肿大;B:治疗后腹部CT示双肾体积恢复正常;C:肾组织病理检查示大量淋巴瘤细胞浸润(苏木素-伊红染色,×400)
3. 治疗

5例均采用中国儿童肿瘤协作组-B细胞NHL-2010化学治疗(CCCG-B-NHL2010)方案治疗[4]。根据国际淋巴瘤治疗反应标准进行疗效评估(但PET/CT未作为常规评价手段)[5]。5例经化学治疗后肾脏功能均恢复正常。治疗初期5例患儿均发生了急性TLS,其中实验室TLS 4例,经水化、碱化、利尿及别嘌呤醇口服治疗后缓解;临床TLS 1例,表现为心律失常,行血液透析等对症治疗后缓解。5例患儿的随访时间为13(6~24)个月,5例中2例于治疗早期发生黏膜炎,其中1例合并感染死亡,另1例治愈;5例中合并感染3例,均为肺部感染,1例放弃治疗,于院外因疾病进展死亡,另2例治愈。存活的3例患儿行彩超示肾脏结构正常,其中2例继续完成全部疗程,目前处于完全缓解中;1例在完全缓解后的治疗中出现骨髓复发,后因疾病进展死亡,见表 1

二、以AKI为首发症状的NHL患儿的相关文献检索结果

收集到以AKI为首发表现的儿童NHL病例共5例,见表 2。5例患儿中男2例、女3例,年龄2.5~14岁,其中有血尿1例,蛋白尿3例,2例LDH明显升高,均伴有双肾肿大,均通过肾脏穿刺确诊。接受化学治疗的3例中2例发生了急性TLS,至末次随访时均无病生存,另2例因疾病进展死亡。

表 2 以AKI为首发表现的儿童NHL病例统计表
讨论

尸检发现近50%的NHL患者出现肾脏受累,但有临床表现的不足1%[10]。这说明淋巴瘤累及肾脏常无症状且多发生在病程晚期,故以肾损伤为首发表现者少见,容易误诊。误诊原因可能为NHL缺乏特异性临床表现及实验室指标,而当其累及肾脏时,接诊医师对该病特点缺乏认识。NHL累及肾脏时的临床表现多为非特异性,包括腹痛、腹胀、腹部包块或血尿。约18%的患者血压升高,可能为肾脏受压后缺血所致。多无容量负荷过重的表现,仅约0.5%的患者可出现少尿、无尿、氮质血症及电解质紊乱等急性肾衰竭的表现,可能与肿瘤浸润压迫导致肾内阻塞或肿瘤细胞分泌的炎症因子导致肾脏组织纤维化有关[11]。肾脏形态学表现多样,大多表现为双肾多发结节,亦可表现为双肾弥漫性肿大[12]。尿检无显著改变,仅存在微量蛋白和(或)少量镜下红细胞和(或)白细胞。本组及文献检索到的患儿较符合以上特点,病史及实验室检查提示AKI,影像学检查提示双肾肿大明显,但尿检并无血尿及大量蛋白尿的改变。此外值得注意的是这些患儿多伴有血清LDH明显升高,LDH是一种糖酵解酶,广泛存在于机体各种细胞胞质中,是糖的无氧酵解及糖异生的重要酶系之一。炎症、溶血等病理过程可使其轻度升高,肿瘤性疾病可使其显著升高,这是因为正常组织细胞恶变之后,基因调控失常以及细胞损伤、能量代谢障碍等使LDH合成及释放增多[13]。NHL患者血清LDH升高的症状已得到公认,当伴有骨髓浸润时其升高水平更为显著,反映了肿瘤增殖活性和肿瘤负荷[14]。本组及文献检索到的患儿除上述肾损伤的特点外,因伴有血LDH的显著升高, 故不能排除肿瘤性疾病,进一步行骨髓穿刺或肾脏穿刺确诊为NHL。故临床上遇到双肾肿大而尿检改变轻微同时伴有血LDH显著升高时,应积极行骨髓穿刺或肾脏穿刺排除由血液系统恶性疾病如NHL等导致的肾损害,以免误诊误治。

急性TLS是白血病及淋巴瘤等肿瘤化学治疗过程中因肿瘤细胞大量溶解破坏,细胞内容物快速释放入血引起的代谢紊乱综合征,主要表现为高尿酸血症、高钾血症、高磷血症、低钙血症、代谢性酸中毒和急性肾功能不全等[3]。有研究者通过对1 200例儿童NHL的研究发现,63例发生急性TLS的患儿中43例化学治疗前已存在肾功能异常。化学治疗前血尿酸>7.5 mg/dl或肌酐>1.4 mg/dl提示发生急性TLS[13, 15]。因肾损伤,其不能迅速将肿瘤细胞内容物排出体外,故易引发急性TLS,肾功能和(或)肾脏是否受肿瘤累及是评估急性TLS发生风险的最终决定因素[16]。本组5例患儿化学治疗后均发生了急性TLS,其中1例发生临床TLS。文献检索到的5例患儿中3例接受了化学治疗,其中2例发生了急性TLS, 这些均提示了肾脏受累是发生急性TLS的高危因素。Canet等[17]通过对137例新诊断的合并急性肾损伤的血液系统肿瘤患者的研究发现,肾损伤影响药物的正常代谢,增加具有肾脏毒性或经过肾脏清除药物的毒副作用,从而导致早期病死率增加。本组2例患儿在治疗初期发生了黏膜炎,考虑可能与化学治疗药物毒副作用增强有关。由此可见,肾脏受累的NHL患者在治疗早期需警惕急性TLS以及经肾清除药物毒副作用增加所致黏膜炎等并发症的发生,因此,对于AKI起病或肾脏受累的NHL患者可先行减瘤治疗,以降低病死率。有关肾脏受累对NHL患儿长期预后的影响,Morel等[18]通过研究发现在具备相同预后影响因素的条件下,肾脏受累不影响NHL患者的长期预后。本组病例样本量少且随访时间短,尚不能对预后作出评价,还需积累病例进行深入研究。

综上所述,临床上遇到不明原因肾损伤的患者,尤其是双肾肿大、尿检改变轻微而同时伴有血LDH升高时,需警惕NHL等肿瘤性疾病,应积极行骨髓穿刺或肾脏穿刺协助诊断, 以免延误诊治。研究显示NHL合并肾脏受累并不影响患者的长期预后,但诸如急性TLS等相关并发症却威胁患者生命,需予以重视,积极预防。

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