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  新医学  2018, Vol. 49 Issue (12): 920-923  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2018.12.015
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骆学勤, 罗征秀, 罗健. 婴儿恶性石骨症伴小下颌畸形一例[J]. 新医学, 2018, 49(12): 920-923.
Luo Xueqin, Luo Zhengxiu, Luo Jian. A case report of malignant infantile osteopetrosis complicated with micrognathia[J]. Journal of New Medicine, 2018, 49(12): 920-923.

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罗征秀

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收稿日期:2018-09-03
婴儿恶性石骨症伴小下颌畸形一例
骆学勤 , 罗征秀 , 罗健     
400016 重庆,重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室
摘要: 石骨症是一组以破骨细胞减少或功能障碍为主要特征的遗传性骨代谢性疾病。婴儿恶性石骨症(MIOP)是其中最严重的类型,诊断主要依据典型临床表现及X线改变。该文报道1例MIOP患者的临床资料,患儿男,出生49 d,因肺炎入院。其有小下颌畸形,高颚弓,贫血、血小板减少,肝、脾肿大,X线检查显示全身骨密度增高,颅骨呈“面具征”,椎骨呈“夹心饼干样”,四肢长骨髓腔消失,干骺端膨大呈漏斗状。胸部CT显示胸腔变小。骨髓穿刺为“干抽”。确诊MIOP后予成分输血及抗感染治疗,好转出院。MIOP临床表现典型,儿科医师应提高对该病的认识水平,以及早诊断、治疗。
关键词: 婴儿    石骨症    小下颌畸形    
A case report of malignant infantile osteopetrosis complicated with micrognathia
Luo Xueqin, Luo Zhengxiu, Luo Jian     
Respiratory Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Child Development Disease Research of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
Corresponding author: Luo Zhengxiu
Abstract: Osteopetrosis is a group of inherited bone metabolic diseases mainly characterized with osteoclast loss and failure. Malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP) is one of the most fatal types. The diagnosis of MIOP is largely dependent upon clinical manifestations and X ray. The clinical data of one MIOP infant were reported. The male infant was aged 49 d and admitted to our hospital due to pneumonia. He was diagnosed with micrognathia, high palate, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly. X ray demonstrated the signs of systemic increased bone density, the skull was in "mask sign", the vertebrae was in a"sandwich"shape, the bone marrow cavity of the limbs was absent and the metaphysis was expanded into a funnel shape. Chest CT scan showed the thoracic cavity is small. Bone marrow puncture was performed via dry tap. Subsequently, he received blood transfusion and anti-infection treatment. He was healed and discharged. MIOP possesses specific clinical manifestations. Pediatricians should deepen the understanding of MIOP and deliver early diagnosis and treatment.
Key words: Infantile    Osteopetrosis    Micrognathia    

石骨症又称大理石骨病,是一组以破骨细胞减少或功能障碍为主要特征的遗传性骨代谢性疾病[1]。其中,婴儿恶性石骨症(MIOP)是最严重的类型,出生后3个月内起病的患儿预后不良[2]。MIOP为常染色体隐性遗传病,具有典型的临床表现和影像学特征。在本文中,笔者报导了1例典型的MIOP,并复习了相关文献,以期加深同行对该病的认识。

病例资料 一、主诉及体格检查

患儿男,出生49 d,因“咳嗽10 d,呛奶1周,气促1 d”于2018年7月21日入我院。患儿母亲孕62,孕37+6周,因妊娠期高血压疾病行剖宫产术,患儿出生体质量2.2 kg。出生时有窒息,阿普加评分不详,因轻度缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)于当地医院住院治疗11 d。患儿母亲孕3个月时曾出现发热,未服药,曾行人工流产4次,第1产为男性,8岁,身体健康。患儿父母为表兄妹近亲结婚,家族中无石骨症患者。

入院体格检查示体温36.9 ℃,呼吸60次/分,心率154次/分,头围36 cm,体质量3.2 kg。营养发育落后,面色苍白,小下颌,高颚弓,未见腭裂。可见吸气性三凹征。双肺呼吸音粗,可闻及吸气性喉鸣音,无湿啰音及哮鸣音。心音有力,心律整齐,心前区未闻及杂音。腹软,肝脏肋下3 cm可触及,脾脏肋下3 cm可触及。

二、实验室及辅助检查

血常规示血红蛋白71 g/L,红细胞1.99×1012/L,白细胞11.46×109/L,中性粒细胞比例19%,淋巴细胞比例73%,血小板76×109/L。红细胞大小不均,中央淡染区扩大,可见泪滴型红细胞及碎片。血气分析、肝肾功能、电解质、心肌酶谱均未见明显异常。碱性磷酸酶正常,血钙2.04 mmol/L,血磷1.05 mg/dl。病原体检测示巨细胞病毒IgG阳性,风疹、弓形虫等检查均阴性。胫骨骨髓穿刺无落空感,髂后上嵴骨髓穿刺为“干抽”。全骨X线片示头颅、椎体、肋骨、骨盆、四肢的骨密度均明显增高,颅骨呈“面具征”,椎骨呈“夹心饼干样”,四肢长骨髓腔消失,干骺端膨大呈漏斗状(图 1)。胸部CT示肺炎,右肺上叶节段性实变伴不张。头颅CT示视神经孔无狭窄,硬腭无腭裂。心脏彩色多普勒超声检查(彩超)未见异常。

图 1 一例MIOP患儿相关检查图片 A:X线片示头颅诸骨密度增高,呈“面具征”;B:X线片示下肢长骨密度增高,骨髓腔消失,干骺端膨大呈漏斗状;C:X线片示椎骨密度增高,呈“夹心饼干样”;D:外观呈小下颌畸形;E、F:CT检查示胸腔变小

入院诊断:支气管肺炎、MIOP、小下颌畸形、中度贫血、血小板减少。家长拒绝做进一步检查,入院后予抗感染、输血等治疗后好转出院。出院后1个月随访,患儿精神反应好,面色稍苍白,无出血表现,无呼吸困难,目前仍在随访中。

讨论

本例患儿为出生49 d小婴儿,以呼吸系统疾病就诊,因贫血、血小板减少、红细胞形态异常等行骨髓穿刺检查失败,行X线检查显示全身骨密度增高,颅骨呈“面具征”,四肢长骨髓腔消失,干骺端膨大呈漏斗状,椎骨呈夹心饼干样,且伴有骨骼畸形,临床诊断MIOP。

石骨症的主要特征是破骨细胞减少或功能障碍,由此导致骨吸收障碍,骨髓腔无法扩大,从而引起骨髓造血功能衰竭,血细胞减少。颅骨小孔关闭导致颅神经受压,引起视力障碍、听力障碍、面神经瘫痪,此外还存在骨硬化、骨骼畸形、矮身材、易骨折等表现[1]

石骨症根据其遗传方式分为常染色体隐性遗传石骨症(ARO)、常染色体显性遗传石骨症(ADO)、性染色体遗传石骨症(XLO)[3]。ARO发病率1/250 000,分为MIOP、ARO伴肾小管酸中毒(RTA)、中间型ARO(IRO)[2]。其中,MIOP多于围产期起病,是最严重的石骨症类型[2]。ADO发病率1/20 000,主要在青少年期及成年期起病,病情多为轻至中度,是最常见石骨症类型[4]。XLO相当罕见,临床表现为石骨症伴外胚层发育不良、淋巴水肿、免疫缺陷,又称OL-EDA-ID综合征,婴儿期起病,病情严重[3]

石骨症致病基因有十余种,主要包括TCIRG1、CLCN7、OSTM1、RANKL、RANK、SNX10、CA Ⅱ、PLEHKM1、TNFSF11、Kindlin-3、CalDAG-GEFI、NEMO等。其中XLO的致病基因为NEMO,ADO的致病基因为CLCN7。ARO的致病基因种类多,其中TCIRG1最常见,超过50%的石骨症为该基因异常所致;其次为CLCN7(15%)和OSTM1(5%)。CLCN7、OSTM1所致ARO常伴有神经退行性变[3, 5-6]。CLCN7基因异常所致石骨症,临床表现差异大,可以无症状,也可为致死性[3, 7]。RANKL、RANK、TNFSF11影响破骨细胞分化,导致破骨细胞数量减少,其余基因均引起破骨细胞功能障碍[1]

石骨症的共同临床表现为全身或局部骨密度增高、各类血细胞减少、髓外造血、颅神经压迫症状、脆性骨硬化,临床出现贫血、感染、出血、肝脾肿大、视力障碍、听力障碍、面神经瘫痪、骨折、矮身材等,部分患儿可伴有骨骼畸形(前额隆起、小下颌、小胸腔)、骨髓炎[1, 3, 8]。不同类型的石骨症病情严重度差异性大。MIOP除上述表现外,还可出现低钙血症、脑积水、脑萎缩、髓鞘化延迟、脑发育不全等[5-6, 9]。ARO伴RTA主要表现为骨密度增高、肾小管酸中毒、发育延迟、颅内钙化、颅神经压迫症状,而骨髓造血功能受损往往不严重[1, 3, 10]。石骨症特征性影像学改变包括:①全身骨密度增高;②长骨干骺端膨大呈漏斗状或透明环;③椎骨呈“夹心饼干样”、“三明治样”;④短骨呈“骨中骨”,骨髓活检可见骨髓腔缩小、骨小梁增厚、骨髓造血细胞减少、骨髓纤维化[3, 11]。有典型临床表现及骨骼X线改变即可确诊石骨症[3]。石骨症需要与氟骨症等引起骨密度增高的疾病鉴别,存在小下颌畸形者需要与Pierre-Robin综合征鉴别。部分患儿因存在白细胞形态异常、贫血、血小板减少而需要与白血病鉴别[12]

本例患儿在婴儿期起病,临床表现有贫血、血小板减少、红细胞形态异常、肝脾肿大,伴石骨症特征性影像学改变,无肾小管酸中毒,无皮肤异常及淋巴水肿,故临床诊断MIOP成立。该患儿同时存在小下颌、高颚弓、小胸腔,伴吸气性呼吸困难,无腭裂,考虑为石骨症所致骨骼畸形。该患儿为家族中首例石骨症患者,父母为近亲结婚,应进一步完善石骨症相关基因检查,随访评估其视力及听力。

目前石骨症治疗尚无特效药物,以输血、抗感染等对症治疗为主。国内外报导的唯一有效治疗方法为造血干细胞移植(HSCT)。HSCT主要针对MIOP,治疗成功率 < 50%[13]。国外大样本回顾性研究显示,HLA完全匹配者HSCT治疗的5年存活率为62%~73%;而HLA不匹配者5年存活率为24% ~42%,主要死亡原因为移植失败、早期骨髓抑制、移植物抗宿主病等[13-14]。对于颅神经功能恢复情况,69%的患者经HSCT治疗后视力损害无进一步加重,仅有7%的患者视力有改善,24%的患者视力仍呈进行性恶化[13]。另一项研究显示,HSCT治疗1年后脑干听觉诱发电位有明显改善,但视觉诱发电位无明显改变[15]。行HSCT治疗后随访患儿身高并无明显改善[13]。另有研究显示,HSCT治疗1年后长骨及肋骨的佝偻病样改变均消失,12/14患儿出现骨髓腔,8/11患儿“骨中骨”现象消失[16]

MIOP患儿病情危重,预后极差,早期行HSCT治疗能提高患儿远期存活率和生存质量,故儿科医师应该提高对本病的认识,以期早期诊断和干预。

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