The residual neurological dysfunction after traumatic spinal cord injury seriously affects the life status and quality of life of patients. With the rapid development of biomedical technology at home and abroad， there have been a variety of neuroregulatory techniques， including electrical stimulation， magnetic stimulation， ultrasonic stimulation and near-infrared laser stimulation， but the effect is different. This paper reviews the application and mechanism of various neuroregulatory techniques in the field of traumatic spinal cord injury，to provide guidance basis for future basic research and clinical application.

In 2024， significant progress has been made globally in the research of cerebral small vessel disease （cSVD）， particularly in genetic mechanisms， clinical typing， biomarkers and treatment strategies. However， challenges remain in terms of pathological complexity， insufficient specificity of biomarkers， and limited therapeutic means. Protein aggregates containing both wild-type and mutant NOTCH3 are key drivers of arterial pathology in CADASIL. Research on the staging of NOTCH3-related cSVD severity demonstrated that CADASIL can be clinically divided into 5 stages and 9 phases. For acute cerebral infarction thrombolysis in CADASIL， the risk of intravenous thrombolysis-related hemorrhage is relatively low due to the small volume of cerebral infarction. Progress has also been made in blood-based biomarkers for cSVD. Regarding the imaging biomarkers of cSVD， perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia， water diffusion fraction， and DTI-ALPS independently promote the burden of cSVD and cognitive decline. In the field of cerebral amyloid angiopathy （CAA）， studies have shown that anxiety can exacerbate neutrophil NETosis and promote the progression of CAA， opening new avenues for research on the role of neuroinflammation exacerbated by negative emotions in the pathogenesis of cSVD. In CAA combined with Alzheimer’s disease （AD）， 289 proteins showed different levels in CAA （+） vessels of AD patients， with associations to increased collagen-containing extracellular matrix， reduced ribonucleoprotein complexes， and decreased BBB proteins. SGLT2 and SGLT1 inhibition plays a protective role in the development of cSVD. This review introduces the progress in both the basic and clinical research of cSVD in 2024.

Sea cucumber polypeptides have garnered significant attention in the treatment of neurological diseases due to their unique structure and diverse biological activities. Recent studies have shown that sea cucumber polypeptides possess biological activities such as antioxidant， anti-inflammatory， and immune modulation， effectively reducing neural inflammation and oxidative stress on nerve cells， thereby protecting neurons. Specifically， the mechanisms by which sea cucumber polypeptides act in neurological diseases， including Alzheimer’s disease， Parkinson’s disease， and stroke， have become focal points of research in recent years. These polypeptides can positively impact neurodegenerative changes by suppressing inflammatory responses， modulating neurotransmitter levels， and promoting neuroregeneration. Despite promising findings， current studies are mainly focused on in vitro and animal experiments， with relatively limited clinical research evidence； thus， further exploration of their safety and efficacy is required. This paper reviews the primary biological activities of sea cucumber polypeptides and their recent advancements in applications to neurological diseases， providing references for future research and clinical application.

Vestibular migraine is a hereditary disease characterized by recurrent vestibular symptoms， with a higher incidence in females than in males， and is often associated with poor lifestyle and mood， most commonly stress， sleep disorders， and anxiety and depression. Since there is no preferred pharmacological treatment， and the changes in lifestyle and improvement of mood are proving to be effective in controlling vestibular migraine symptoms， non-pharmacological treatments are becoming more important. Avoidance of triggering factors， lifestyles changes， vestibular rehabilitation， cognitive-behavioral therapy， and acupuncture are the main approaches of non-pharmacological treatment. This article mainly analyses the effects of lifestyle and mood on vestibular migraine， and discusses the progress of non-pharmacological treatment of vestibular migraine.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and cognitive impairments in children with frontal lobe epilepsy （FLE） comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） who have normal intelligence. Methods A total of 167 children aged 6-14 years， diagnosed with FLE at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2018 to June 2024， were screened for comorbid ADHD. They were divided into the FLE group and the FLE+ADHD group. Additionally， 72 children with ADHD alone and 74 healthy children of the same age from the child health clinic were included as the ADHD group and the healthy control group， respectively. The assessment results of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition （WISC-IV） and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test （WCST） were compared among the four groups. Clinical characteristics were compared between the FLE group and the FLE+ADHD group. Results Among the 167 FLE children， 62 （37.1％） cases met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD， with the inattentive subtype being the most common （68.3%）. Compared with the healthy control group， the FLE+ADHD group， the FLE group， and the ADHD group exhibited decreased scores in verbal comprehension index （VCI）， perceptual reasoning index （PRI）， working memory index （WMI）， processing speed index （PSI） and full-scale intelligence quotient （FSIQ）， alongside a lower score of WCST categories completed， and higher scores of WCST responses errors， perseverative responses errors， and non-perseverative responses errors （all P < 0.05）. Compared with the FLE group， the FLE+ADHD group demonstrated significantly lower VCI， PRI， WMI， PSI， FSIQ scores， lower score of WCST categories completed， and higher scores of WCST responses errors and perseverative responses errors （all P < 0.05）. Compared with the ADHD group， the FLE+ADHD group had lower VCI， PRI， FSIQ scores， and higher scores of WCST responses errors and non-perseverative responses errors （all P < 0.05）. Early onset of epilepsy （<6 years）， incomplete seizure control， use of multiple antiepileptic drugs， and interictal discharges on the left or bilateral sides on EEG were correlated with ADHD comorbidity. Conclusions Compared with children with FLE or ADHD alone， those with FLE and comorbid ADHD exhibit similar domains of cognitive impairment but show greater severity in some of these domains.

Objective To explore the effects of miR-223-3p on cognitive function recovery in rats with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage （HICH） and its regulatory mechanisms. Methods The rat model of HICH was constructed to analyze changes in miR-223-3p expression and cognitive function. Subsequently， miR-223-3p was overexpressed or knocked down to investigate its effects on the expression of the inflammasome NLRP3 and cognitive function in rats. NLRP3 was then knocked down to confirm its role in cognitive function in HICH rats. Finally， a luciferase assay was performed to identify the direct targeting effect of miR-223-3p on NLRP3. Results The expression of miR-223-3p was upregulated in the brain tissues of HICH rats. miR-223-3p inhibits NLRP3 expression and recovers cognitive function in rats. The luciferase assay demonstrated that miR-223-3p could directly target the mRNA of NLRP3 and downregulate its expression. Conclusion miR-223-3p downregulates NLRP3 expression by binding to its mRNA， thereby promoting the recovery of cognitive function in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the characteristics， relationship and risk factors of internet addiction and non-suicidal self-injury （NSSI） behaviors among college students of different ethnic groups in Lanzhou City， so as to provide references for promoting the mental health of college students. Methods A total of 6 373 college students in Lanzhou area were selected. The NSSI behavior assessment questionnaire and the internet addiction scale were used. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the characteristics and relationship of internet addiction and NSSI behaviors among college students of different ethnic groups. Results There were differences in gender， grade， family residence， father’s education level， whether from a single-parent family， guardian， parent-child relationship， family economic status， academic performance， degree of internet addiction， depression （patient health questionnaire， PHQ） and generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） between college students with and without NSSI behaviors （all P <0.001）. The multiple linear regression model showed that internet addiction was positively correlated with NSSI behavior scores （β = 0.497， P < 0.001）. Conclusion Male students， freshmen， students with depressive and anxious emotions， and those with internet addiction behaviors are more likely to engage in NSSI behaviors.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition risk in patients with Parkinson’s disease （PD）， and explore the correlation between high malnutrition risk and cognitive impairment. Methods A total of 150 PD patients admitted to the Forth People’s Hospital of Taizhou from March 2023 to January 2025 were included. The GeriatricNutritional Risk Index （GNRI） was used to assess the nutritional status of PD patients. A GNRI score ≥98 indicated no malnutrition risk， while a score < 98 indicated malnutrition risk. The patients were divided into a high GNRI group （score ≥98） and a low GNRI group （score < 98）. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination （MMSE）， and the prevalence of cognitive impairment was analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between malnutrition risk and cognitive impairment. Results Among the 150 patients， 70 were at risk of malnutrition， with a high malnutrition risk prevalence of 46.7%. The low GNRI group comprised 70 patients， while the high GNRI group comprised 80 patients. A total of 71 patients had cognitive impairment， with an incidence rate of 47.3%.In the low GNRI group， 43 patients had cognitive impairment， with an incidence rate of 61.4% and an MMSE score of 21.5 （14.0， 26.0）. In the high GNRI group， 28 patients had cognitive impairment， with an incidence of 35.0% and an MMSE score of 23.5 （18.8， 27.0）. The differences in the incidence of cognitive impairment and MMSE scores between the two groups were statistically significant （both P < 0.05）. At the same time， significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age， disease duration， H-Y stage， triglyceride levels， thyroid function， hemoglobin ， blood glucose， and uric acid levels （all P < 0.05）， while there were no statistically significant differences in vascular risk factors or educational level （all P > 0.05）. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis suggested that cognitive impairment （OR=2.66，P = 0.009），age（OR=0.93， P = 0.004）， TSH（OR=1.36，P =0.006） were influencing factors for malnutrition risk in PD patients after correcting factors such as disease duration and H-Y stage. Conclusions PD patients have a high risk of malnutrition， and those at risk of malnutrition exhibit a higher incidence of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for high malnutrition risk in PD patients.

Objective To investigate the status of shift work disorder （SWD） and influencing factors in medical staff， aiming to improve individual sleep cognition and sleep behavior of medical staffs and enhance the quality of shift work sleep， thereby optimizing medical service system and benefiting the patients. Methods Five hundred medical staff were selected by random sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey of SWD in four dimensions including the situation of waking up early and unable to fall back to sleep， the perceived comfort of waking up during night shift， the possibility of dozing off during night shift， and the situation of dozing off or falling asleep while driving after at least 2 days rest during night shift. Influencing factors of SWD were analyzed from these four dimensions by using univariate and multivariate binary Logistic regression analyses. Results Among 500 respondents， 88.2% of them experienced the situation of waking up early and unable to fall back to sleep during night shift in the past month， 88.0% for those with decreased perceived comfort of waking up during night shift in the past month， 85.2% with the possibility of dozing off during night shift in the past month and 56.0% with the situation of dozing off or falling asleep while driving after at least 2 days rest during night shift in the past month， respectively. According to the risk of SWD in all respondents， 72% of them had high-risk SWD and the remaining 28% had low-risk SWD. Multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis showed that martial status （P = 0.011 for overall test； OR = 2.322，95%CI： 1.328-4.058，P = 0.003 for married versus single）， and intake of hypnotics during non-night shift （OR = 5.678， 95%CI： 1.350-23.872， P = 0.018） were both influencing factors of waking up early and unable to fall back to sleep during night shift. Stress （OR =3.732， 95%CI： 1.072-12.996， P = 0.039） and intake of hypnotics during non-night shift （OR = 5.731， 95%CI： 1.367-24.031， P = 0.017） were influencing factors of decreased perceived comfort of waking up during night shift. Exercise （OR = 0.540， 95%CI： 0.325-0.895， P = 0.017） and stress （OR = 5.246， 95%CI： 1.616-17.025， P = 0.006） were influencing factors of dozing off during night shift. Marital status （P = 0.043 for overall test； OR = 1.509， 95%CI： 1.024-2.224，P = 0.037 for married versus single）， duration of light exposure （P = 0.003 for overall test； OR = 0.410， 95%CI： 0.208-0.825， P = 0.012 for 3~<6 h versus <1 h light exposure） and nap during night shift （OR = 0.640， 95%CI： 0.422-0.972， P = 0.036） were protective factors of dozing off while driving after at least 2 days rest. Conclusions SWD is relatively common in medical staff， especially the married and those who take hypnotics during non-night shift are at a higher risk of SWD. Relieving stress， increasing appropriate exercise， increasing nap and light exposure for 3~<6 h during night shift may help improve the quality of sleep.

Objective To explore the challenges faced by individuals with visual impairment and autism， and analyze possible supporting measures and solutions. Methods A qualitative research was adopted by conducting interviews through voice and text-based communication methods among autism individuals with a history of visual impairment who were enrolled via recommendation and online networking by purposive sampling method. The difficulties and potential solution of visually impaired individuals with autism were collected. The interview content was designed mainly based upon common contents during previous interaction with the participants. Results Challenges included accessibility to healthcare services， the challenging situation arising from the comorbidity of visual impairment and autism， stereotype， the incompatibility of traditional vocational training for autistic individuals with visual impairment， unfriendly social environment and mental health issues， etc. Conclusions The visually impaired population with autism exists but receives insufficient attention. It is necessary to strengthen early screening and intervention， enhance the education of relevant knowledge for professionals， broaden major options in universities and make concrete efforts， thereby creating a better future for visually impaired individuals with autism.

Objective To explore the social cognitive characteristics and social integration needs of youth with autism spectrum disorder （ASD） based on the double empathy theory， and to propose potential social support measures to facilitate their social integration. Methods From August to October 2024， four youth with ASD were recruited for a qualitative research using in-depth interviews. A semi-structured interview design was adopted， and the interviews were conducted by telephone. Results Youth with ASD demonstrated distinct social cognitive challenges and coping strategies. They faced difficulties in understanding nonverbal information， facial expressions in particular， during social interactions. Although they cope through conscious attention regulation or verbal inquiries， it is still insufficient to address the complexity and variability of emotions， leading them to seek support in social cognition and interaction skills. In terms of social integration， they tended to prefer interest-driven and low-social-pressure environments but encountered conflicts arising from the double empathy paradox and sensory overload. To cope with conflicts， they employed diversified strategies such as avoiding face-to-face communication， adopting a “cold” approach， or resorting to written communication. In addition， youth with ASD generally emphasizes the important role of sensory environmental needs in their social integration， expressing demand for sensory-friendly modifications in public places （e.g.， noise reduction spaces， appropriate lighting design） and technical support. Conclusions To construct social integration practices for the ASD population， it is necessary to implement the double empathy theory by providing social interventions that meet their skill-enhancement needs， by carrying out science popularization and public education to shape public awareness and reduce misunderstandings， and by enhancing sensory-friendly features in public spaces while establishing technology-assisted communication.

In the central nervous system， microglia account for about 10% of the total number of cells. They are the main immune cells in the nervous system， responsible for immune surveILlance， inflammatory response， and removal of harmful substances. When the nervous system is damaged， infected， or inflammatory， microglia are activated into macrophage-like cells and release inflammatory mediators and cytokines. These molecules can guide the migration of immune cells， regulate inflammatory responses， and participate in the repair and recovery process. In this review， we mainly focus on the activation and mechanism of microglia in the inflammatory response of the nervous system， further explain the inflammatory response process of the nervous system and the role of microglia in some specific neurological diseases.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a brain functional neuroimaging technology， which is widely used in the research and clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases. Near-infrared technology can measure tissue oxygenation status and hemodynamic parameters non-invasively， providing a new tool for diagnosis， treatment and monitoring of neurological diseases. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the application progress of near-infrared technology in central nervous system diseases in recent years， and discuss its potential clinical significance， including the application in different neurological diseases and the application prospect in neurological rehabilitation， so as to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo （BPPV） is a common external vestibular disease with a high recurrence rate. Currently， the main treatment for this disease is manual reduction， but some patients still have residual dizziness after successful reduction. Therefore， the exploration of more effective treatment methods has become an important direction of clinical research. This paper analyzes the relevant literature in recent years to describe the status quo of research on the treatment of residual dizziness after BPPV reduction at home and abroad from the perspectives of Western medicine manual reduction， drug treatment， vestibule rehabilitation training， traditional Chinese medicine， external Chinese medicine and combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment. It aims to provide reference for more effective treatment methods of combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine， reduce the recurrence rate of patients and improve the quality of life of patients.