Abstract: Prostate cancer ranks second in the incidence rate of male malignant tumors and is a major disease that seriously threatens the health of men. There are difficulties in early diagnosis, treatment resistance, and a high risk of metastasis. Nanomaterials have excellent surface modification ability, excellent biocompatibility, and unique physical and chemical properties, showing great potential in the development of tumor biomarkers, precise targeted delivery, and multimodal imaging-guided therapy. This article systematically reviews the cutting-edge progress of nanomaterials in the field of prostate cancer treatment, deeply analyzes the current research status, and explores the challenges faced in the clinical translation process. Firstly, the mechanism of nanotechnology in medical diagnosis and treatment was introduced. Then, the applications of nanomaterials in new biomarker research, multimodal imaging, etc. were summarized, with a focus on the research and potential advantages of nanomaterials in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, multimodal diagnosis and treatment integration, new treatment methods (sonodynamics/photothermal), and radiotherapy sensitization. This provides a new perspective and solution for clinical challenges such as early screening, precise treatment, efficacy evaluation, and long-term monitoring of prostate cancer.