Mechanisms of action of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and their cytokines in type 2 inflammatory diseases

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) originate from common lymphoid progenitor cells and are mainly distributed at barrier sites such as the skin, respiratory tract, and intestines, serving as an important component of the innate immune system. Studies have confirmed that ILC2s participate in the pathogenesis of type 2 inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, food allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. They are not only early source cells of type 2 cytokines, but can also jointly regulate the inflammatory process through interactions with other immune cells and structural cells. Currently, therapeutic strategies involving targeted interventions in the activation, migration and effector functions of ILC2s have become a research focus. This review systematically elaborates on the biological characteristics of ILC2s and mechanisms by which they participate in type 2 inflammatory diseases, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and research ideas for clinical intervention in type 2 inflammatory diseases.